خلاصہ قواعد التجوید – قرآن اور نورانی قاعدہ
Tajweed Rules Summary – Quran Learning for Elders at Bilal Masjid
1. Harakat – الحَرَكَات (Short Vowel Marks)
Indo‑Pak نام: Zabar (Fatha), Zer (Kasra), Pesh (Damma)
علامت (Symbols):
ـَ (Fatha),
ـِ (Kasra),
ـُ (Damma)
Visual Explanation:
-
Fatha (ـَ):
ـَ
is a **small diagonal stroke above** the letter. It gives an **“a”** sound.
-
Kasra (ـِ):
ـِ
is a **small diagonal stroke below** the letter. It gives an **“i”** sound.
-
Damma (ـُ):
ـُ
is a **small curl (like a comma) above** the letter. It gives an **“u”** sound.
Arabic Examples:
| Symbol |
Arabic |
Pronunciation |
Sound |
| Fatha ـَ |
بَ |
ba |
Short "a" |
| Kasra ـِ |
بِ |
bi |
Short "i" |
| Damma ـُ |
بُ |
bu |
Short "u" |
Example from Surah Al-Fātiḥah:
بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ (Bismi-llāhi r-raḥmāni r-raḥīm)
- بِ: Kasra (ـِ) under ب → pronounced “bi”
- اللَّهِ: Fatha (ـَ) on ل and Kasra (ـِ) under ه
- الرَّحْمَٰنِ: Fatha on ح and م → “ḥa”, “mā”
- الرَّحِيمِ: Kasra on ح and م → “ḥi”, “mī”
- Harakat are the basic short vowel signs in Arabic.
- They do not appear on letters in isolation but are **placed above or below consonants** to guide pronunciation.
- They are critical for reading Qur’an accurately and avoiding incorrect meanings.
- Harakat occur only on **consonants**, not vowel letters.
- Every vowel sound in Arabic (except long vowels) originates from these marks.
2. Madd Asli – المدّ الأصلي (Natural Madd / Long Vowel Madd)
Indo‑Pak نام: Madd
علامت: ا، و، ي
القاعدة: حرف المدّ ساكن، ويسبقه حرفٌ متحرّك بالحركة المناسبة:
- الألف (ا) يأتي بعد الفتحة (ـَ)
- الواو الساكنة (و) تأتي بعد الضمة (ـُ)
- الياء الساكنة (ي) تأتي بعد الكسرة (ـِ)
Rule: The Madd letter is sakin (no vowel) and is preceded by a letter carrying the matching short vowel:
- Alif (ا) comes after a Fatha (ـَ)
- Waw (و) comes after a Damma (ـُ)
- Ya (ي) comes after a Kasra (ـِ)
Examples (Simple Words):
| Arabic Word |
Madd Letter |
Vowel Before |
Meaning |
| قَالَ |
ا |
Fatha (ـَ) |
He said |
| يَقُولُ |
و |
Damma (ـُ) |
He says |
| قِيلَ |
ي |
Kasra (ـِ) |
It was said |
Examples from Surah Al-Fātiḥah:
Example 1: الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ
(Al-ḥamdu lillāhi rabbil-ʿālamīn)
- الْعَالَمِينَ: Madd Asli on the ا after عَ (Fatha) → "ʿā"
Example 2: مَالِكِ يَوْمِ الدِّينِ
(Māliki yawmid-dīn)
- مَالِكِ: Madd Asli on the ا after مَ (Fatha) → "Mā"
- الدِّينِ: Madd Asli on the ي after دِ (Kasra) → "dīn"
- "Madd" means to stretch the vowel sound for proper pronunciation.
- This specific type is called Madd Asli (Natural Madd): stretched for 2 counts only.
- It is the foundation for all other types of Madd in Tajweed.
- Other types of Madd (e.g. Madd Muttasil, Munfasil, Lazim) will be explained separately.
- Recognizing Madd helps preserve the rhythm and melody of Quranic recitation.
3. Leen – اللِّين (Soft Vowel Sound)
Indo‑Pak نام: Leen
علامت: وْ، يْ بعد الفتحة
القاعدة: حرف اللين هو واوٌ ساكنة أو ياءٌ ساكنة، ويسبقها حرفٌ مفتوح.
- الواو الساكنة (وْ) بعد الفتحة → مثل: خَوْف
- الياء الساكنة (يْ) بعد الفتحة → مثل: بَيْت
Rule: Leen occurs when:
- Waw (وْ) or Ya (يْ) has **Sukoon**,
- and the letter before it has a **Fatha (ـَ)**.
Examples (Simple Words):
| Arabic Word |
Leen Letter |
Vowel Before |
Meaning |
| خَوْف |
وْ |
Fatha (ـَ) on خَ |
Fear |
| بَيْت |
يْ |
Fatha (ـَ) on بَ |
House |
Examples from Surah Al-Fātiḥah:
Example 1: غَيْرِ الْمَغْضُوبِ عَلَيْهِمْ
(Ghayril-maghḍūbi ʿalayhim)
- غَيْرِ: Leen letter يْ after غَ (Fatha) – soft "ay" sound
- عَلَيْهِمْ: Leen letter يْ after لَ (Fatha) – soft "ay" sound
Other Examples from the Qur’an:
Example 1: فَلَا خَوْفٌ عَلَيْهِمْ
(Fa-lā khawfun ʿalayhim)
- خَوْفٌ: Leen letter **وْ** after **خَ** (Fatha) → Soft "aw" sound
Example 2: مِن بَيْتٍ إِلَى بَيْتٍ
(Min baytin ilā baytin)
- بَيْتٍ: Leen letter **يْ** after **بَ** (Fatha) → Soft "ay" sound
- “Leen” means softness — the sound glides quickly and softly, not stretched.
- Used in fluent and natural recitation — like a **gentle diphthong**.
- Not the same as Madd: Madd is prolonged (2+ counts), Leen is smooth and short.
- Recognizing Leen helps with rhythm and Tajweed flow.
- Letters of Leen: only **وْ** and **يْ** after **Fatha**.
4. Sukoon – السُّكُون (No Vowel Sound)
Indo‑Pak نام: Jazm (جزم)
علامت (Symbol): ْ
Visual Trick: The Sukoon ْ looks like a small empty **semi-circle** above the letter.
Memory Tip: Think of Sukoon as a "**stop sign**" — the letter is silent and not stretched.
القاعدة: السكون هو علامة ْ توضع فوق الحرف لتدلّ على عدم وجود حركة عليه.
Rule: Sukoon indicates that a letter has **no vowel sound** and is read at rest:
- Symbol: ْ placed above the letter
- Letter is read quickly, no elongation
- Can occur in middle or at end of word
Examples:
| Arabic Word |
Sukoon Letter |
Location |
Meaning |
| يَذْهَبُ |
ذْ |
Middle |
He goes |
| قُلْ |
لْ |
End |
Say |
Example from Surah Al-Fātiḥah:
اهْدِنَا الصِّرَاطَ الْمُسْتَقِيمَ (Ihdinā aṣ-ṣirāṭ al-mustaqīm)
- اهْدِنَا: Sukoon on هـ – no vowel sound
- الْمُسْتَقِيمَ: Sukoon on س – read at rest
- Sukoon means the letter has no harakah (vowel).
- Used frequently in Tajweed rules like Ikhfa, Idgham, Iqlab, and Qalqalah.
- Sometimes added at the end of words when doing Waqf (stopping).
5. Tashdeed – التَّشْدِيد (Shaddah / Doubling)
Indo‑Pak نام: Tashdeed
علامت (Symbol): ّ
Visual Trick: The Tashdeed ّ looks like the English letter "w" written above the letter.
Memory Tip: Tashdeed means "**double sound**": one with Sukoon, one with Harakah.
Term: A letter with a Tashdeed is called a مُشَدَّد (Mushaddad).
القاعدة: التشديد يدلّ على تكرار الحرف مرتين: الأول ساكن، والثاني متحرك.
Rule: Tashdeed shows that a letter is doubled and must be read with a pause and stress:
- 1st part of letter is with Sukoon (ْ)
- 2nd part is with a Harakah (Fatha, Kasra, Damma)
- Symbol is ّ placed above the letter
Examples:
| Arabic Word |
Mushaddad Letter |
Meaning |
| رَبّي |
بّ |
My Lord |
| اللّهُ |
لّ |
Allah |
Examples from Surah Al-Fātiḥah:
الْحَمْدُ لِلّٰهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ (Al-ḥamdu lillāhi rabbil-ʿālamīn)
- اللّٰهِ: Mushaddad on **ل** – double sound with stress
- رَبّ**: Mushaddad on **ب** – must pause slightly then continue
- Tashdeed is essential for correct meaning in Quranic recitation.
- Without it, meanings can change completely (e.g. رَبِّ ≠ رَبِي).
- Always pronounce Mushaddad letters with emphasis.
6. Rules of Laam – لفظُ الجلالة (اللّٰه)
Indo‑Pak نام: Tafkheem (Full Mouth) or Tarqeeq (Light) of Laam
علامت: اللّٰه
Explanation:
-
The letter Laam (ل) in the word اللّٰه is read with:
-
Tafkhīm (تفخيم) – Heavy/Full Mouth sound, when the letter before it has a:
Fatha ـَ or
Damma ـُ
-
Tarqīq (ترقيق) – Light/Empty Mouth sound, when the letter before it has a:
Kasra ـِ
-
This only applies in the word اللّٰه (Lafẓ al-Jalālah).
Visual Clue:
- TARQĪQ: With a Kasra ـِ before "اللّٰه" → pronounced softly with an empty mouth.
- TAFKHĪM: With a Fatha ـَ or Damma ـُ before → pronounced heavily with a full mouth.
Examples:
| Arabic Phrase |
Before Laam |
Rule Applied |
Pronunciation |
| رَسُولُ اللّٰه |
Fatha ـَ on ر |
Tafkhīm – Full Mouth |
Ra-soo-lul-Lāh |
| قَالَ اللّٰهُ |
Fatha ـَ on ق |
Tafkhīm – Full Mouth |
Qā-lal-Lāhu |
| بِاللّٰهِ |
Kasra ـِ under ب |
Tarqīq – Light/Soft |
Bil-lāhi |
- Laam in اللّٰه is either **heavy** or **light** depending on the vowel on the letter before it.
- This rule is **specific to Lafẓ al-Jalālah** (word of Allah) and does not apply to other Laam letters.
- Heavy pronunciation reflects majesty and reverence in Qur'anic recitation.
- Examples from the Qur’an:
- إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللّٰهِ → Fatha on ر → Tafkhīm
- بِاللّٰهِ → Kasra on ب → Tarqīq
- Tip: Look at the **vowel right before** اللّٰه to determine the rule!
7. Raa – تفخيم وترقيق الراء (Tafkhīm and Tarqīq of Raa)
Indo‑Pak نام: Tafkhīm (Full Mouth) or Tarqīq (Light) of Raa
علامت: رَ, رُ, رِ
Explanation:
- Heavy (Tafkhīm): Raa has Fatha (ـَ) or Damma (ـُ)
- Light (Tarqīq): Raa has Kasra (ـِ)
- Context may change based on surrounding letters or Sukun rules.
Examples from Qur’an:
| Arabic Word |
Vowel on ر |
Rule |
Pronunciation |
| رَحْمَٰن |
Fatha ـَ |
Tafkhīm |
Raḥmān |
| قُرْآن |
Damma ـُ |
Tafkhīm |
Qur’ān |
| فِرْعَوْن |
Kasra ـِ |
Tarqīq |
Firʿawn |
- Raa changes heaviness based on the vowel mark directly on or before it.
- Mastering this rule brings beauty and correct tone to recitation.
- Incorrect heaviness/lightness may distort meanings.
8. Temporary Madd – المدّ العارض للسكون
Indo‑Pak نام: عارض مد (Madd Aarid)
علامت:
Madd Letters:
ا,
ي,
و
+ followed by a
ْ (Sukoon)
due to **Waqf** (stopping).
Example from Qur’an:
| Word |
Arabic |
Type of Madd |
Where It Occurs |
| Al-‘Aalameen (When Stopped) |
ٱلْعَٰلَمِينَ |
Temporary Madd – Madd ‘Āriḍ li’s-Sukūn |
Final word in verse |
| Al-Raḥīm (When Stopped) |
ٱلرَّحِيمِ |
Temporary Madd – Madd ‘Āriḍ li’s-Sukūn |
Waqf (at verse end) |
- This type of Madd occurs when a long vowel letter (ا, ي, و) is followed by a Sukoon (ْ) created due to Waqf (stopping at the end of a verse or word).
- The letter is stretched for 2, 4, or 6 beats depending on the style of Qirā’ah (recitation).
- This is **temporary** — it only applies when stopping; if reciting continuously, the rule does not apply.
- Used to beautify the end of a verse rhythmically, maintaining the musical flow of recitation.
- Common in daily Salah (prayer) and Qur’anic recitation, especially in Surah Al-Fātiḥah.
Quick Tip: Look for Madd letter before the last letter (with Sukoon due to Waqf).
More Examples from Surah Al-Fātiḥah:
- ٱلرَّحِيمِ → Stop → Madd ‘Āriḍ li’s-Sukūn
- ٱلدِّينِ → Stop → Madd ‘Āriḍ li’s-Sukūn
- ٱلضَّآلِّينَ → Stop → Madd ‘Āriḍ li’s-Sukūn
Reference:
Quran Mualim: Madd Arid Lis Sukoon
9. Noon Saakin & Tanween Rules – أحكام النون الساكنة والتنوين
Indo-Pak نام: Noon ke 4 Qaide (نون کے چار قاعدے)
علامت: نْ , ـً ـٍ ـٌ
مثال: مَنْ آمَنَ، أَنْبِئْهُمْ، مِّنْ رَبِّهِمْ (man aamana, anbihum, min rabbihim)
- These rules apply when Noon Saakin (نْ) or Tanween (ــًــٍــٌ) is followed by another letter.
- 1. Izhaar (إِظْهَار): Clear pronunciation without nasal sound. Applies when followed by any of the six throat letters: ء، ه، ع، ح، غ، خ.
- 2. Iqlab (إِقْلَاب): Noon changes to Meem sound (م) with nasalization (Ghunna), but only when followed by ب (Baa).
- 3. Idghaam (إِدْغَام): Merging of Noon into the next letter. Applies to ي، ر، م، ل، و، ن. Some require Ghunna, some don’t:
- With Ghunna: ي، ن، م، و
- Without Ghunna: ل، ر
- 4. Ikhfaa (إِخْفَاء): Hidden (concealed) Noon with nasal sound. Applies when followed by any of the remaining 15 letters (excluding Izhaar, Iqlab, Idghaam letters).
- These rules enhance fluency, proper rhythm, and correct Tajweed in recitation.
- Reference: Riwaq Al Quran Blog
10. Types of Madd – أنواع المدود
Indo-Pak نام: Madd ke Iqsaam (مد کے اقسام)
علامت: ا, و, ي + Hamza (ء) or Sukoon (ْ)
مثال: قَالَ، جَاءَ، الضَّالِّينَ (qaala, jaa’a, ad-daalleen)
- Madd (مد) means elongation of a vowel sound during recitation.
- 3 Madd letters: Alif (ا) after Fatha, Waw (و) after Dammah, Ya (ي) after Kasra.
- Madd Asli / Tabi'y (مد أصلي / طبيعي):
- Natural Madd.
- Stretched for 2 counts only.
- No Hamza (ء) or Sukoon (ْ) follows.
- Madd Far'ee (مد فرعي): Occurs when the Madd letter is followed by Hamzah or Sukoon.
- Madd Muttasil (مد متصل): Hamzah comes in the same word. Elongated 4–5 counts. (e.g. جَاءَ)
- Madd Munfasil (مد منفصل): Hamzah comes in next word. Elongated 2–4 counts. (e.g. فِيٓ أُذُنِهِ)
- Madd Lazim (مد لازم): Followed by a permanent Sukoon. Must be stretched 6 counts. (e.g. الضَّالِّينَ)
- Madd ‘Arid Lis-Sukoon (مد عارض للسكون): When the Sukoon occurs due to Waqf (stop). Elongated 2, 4, or 6 counts. (e.g. الْعَالَمِينَ)
- Madd Badal (مد بدل): When Hamzah is replaced by Madd letter. (e.g. آدَم from أَأْدَم)
- Madd Leen (مد لين): A soft Madd caused by Waw or Ya with Sukoon after Fatha. (e.g. خَوْف، بَيْت)
- Knowing types of Madd is essential for correct pronunciation, Tajweed rhythm, and avoiding misinterpretation.
- Reference: Mishkah Academy: Madd Guide